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mercredi 12 octobre 2011

Quand les princesses décapitaient leurs grenouilles 4



Curieusement, c´est ici que notre trace se perd : nul ne sait qui introduit le motif du baiser transformateur propre à d´autres récits de métamorphose mais opposé aux avatars cruels des versions originaires. Cette mutation majeure de l´histoire du conte inaugural, et peut-être le plus schématiquement archétypal, du recueil des frères Grimm, n´a pas laissé de trace. Maria Tatar, dans The Annotated Brothers Grimm, l´attribue aux "versions Américaines de l´histoire", sans apporter aucune précision.

Nous pouvons néanmoins tenter de comprendre la logique qui mena de la décapitation à la projection puis à l´érotisation du baiser, désormais image de marque de l´univers féerique dans la culture populaire. Il y a tout d´abord la piste psychanalytique puisque cette inversion de l´agressivité en érotisme obéit à la logique même de l´ambivalence qui entoure ce rite de passage, version pratiquement translucide de la perte de la virginité, à la fois source de rejet ritualisé et d´acceptation à un nouveau régime de vitalité.

C´est la piste tracée par Bruno Bettelheim dans sa célèbre étude The Uses of Enchantment (1975).

« The closer the frog comes to the girl physically, the more disgusted and anxious she gets, particularly about being touched by it. The awakening to sex is not free of disgust or anxiety, even anger. anxiety turns into anger and even hatred as the princess flings the frog against her bedroom wall.

By thus asserting herself and taking risks in doing so -- as opposed to her previous trying to weasel out and then simply obeying her father's commands -- the princess transcends her anxiety, and hatred changes into love (…) At the end she has developed her own independence by going against her father's orders. As she thus becomes herself so does the frog: it turns into a prince” (p. 288).

Ainsi, "the story tells that we cannot expect our first erotic contacts to be pleasant, for they are much too difficult and fraught with anxiety. But if we continue, despite temporary repugnance, to permit the other to become ever more intimate, then at some moments we will experience a happy shock of recognition when complete closeness reveals sexuality´s true beauty" (p. 288).

De là la transition, dans les réécritures mêmes du conte, du dégoût vers cette cohabitation paisible dans le lit nuptial. Ne connaissant pas les variantes décapitatrices du texte, le psychanalyste perd une bonne occasion d´évoquer la figure de la castration qui pour Freud se cachait derrière les représentations oniriques ou artistiques de ce supplice et qui deviendrait donc ici figure suprême du rejet du phallus intrusif, dont l´insistence même est insupportable.

"Mais et la grenouille alors?" demande judicieusement Bettelheim. "It, too, has to mature before union with the princess can become possible. Like every child, the frog desires an entirely symbiotic existence. What child has not wished to sit on Mother's lap, eat from her dish, drink from her glass, and has not climbed into Mother's bed, trying to sleep there with her? But after a time the child has to be denied the symbiosis with Mother, since it would prevent him from ever becoming an individual. Much as the child wants to remain in bed with Mother, she has to 'throw' him out of it -- a painful experience but inescapable if he is to gain independence" (p. 289).

Cette délicate économie fantasmatique du conte enveloppe pour le psychanalyste une vraie propédeutique à la sexualité, sans confronter l´enfant à l´évocation du réel lacanien. « It must be conveyed to children that sex may seem disgustingly animal-like at first, but that once the right way is found to approach it, beauty will emerge (...) and in due time this disgusting frog will reveal itself as life´s most charming companion”.

Julius Heuscher reprend et résume cette interprétation: "The innocent young girl's fear of and repugnance toward the male genitals and the transformation of this disgust into happiness and sanctioned matrimony can hardly be symbolized better than by this transformation of the frog into the prince" (Heuscher 1974).

On voit alors comment la surimposition du motif du baiser fonctionne à la fois comme une explicitation de la composante érotique de l´histoire et comme une occultation de cette dynamique essentielle qui va du dégoût à l´appétit, pour paraphraser Bossuet et Gainsbourg qui le détourne.

Inévitable, cette transformation ne pouvait que simplifier l´ambivalence du conte, voire, ultimement, le banaliser.

Quand les princesses décapitaient leurs grenouilles 3



D´estomper la grenouille contre le mur, comme on le lit dans la version des frères Grimm n´est on le voit qu´une atténuation du geste radical des variantes anglo-écossaises. Or, symptomatiquement, les Grimm vont atténuer encore cette violence dans leur deuxième version du conte qui sera par la suite exclue de leurs rééditions, étant donné la trop grande redondance entre les versions.

“Before she fell asleep she heard something scratching at the door and a voice singing:
Open up! Open up!
Youngest daughter of the king.
Remember that you promised me
While I was sitting in the well,
That you would be my sweetheart dear,
If I would give you water clear.

"Ugh! That's my boyfriend the frog," said the princess. "I promised, so I will have to open the door for him." She got up, opened the door a crack, and went back to bed. The frog hopped after her, then hopped onto her bed where he lay at her feet until the night was over and the morning dawned. Then he jumped down and disappeared out the door.

The next evening, when the princess once more had just gone to bed, he scratched and sang again at the door. The princess let him in, and he again lay at her feet until daylight came. He came again on the third evening, as on the two previous ones. "This is the last time that I'll let you in," said the princess. "It will not happen again in the future." Then the frog jumped under her pillow, and the princess fell asleep. She awoke in the morning, thinking that the frog would hop away once again, but now a beautiful young prince was standing before her. He told her that he had been an enchanted frog and that she had broken the spell by promising to be his sweetheart. Then they both went to the king who gave them his blessing, and they were married”.
Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, Der Froschprinz, Kinder- und Hausmärchen, 1st ed. (Berlin, 1812/1815), v. 2, no. 13

La symbolique violente de l´ab-réaction féminine à l´égard de cette présence bestiale est ici effacée par une symbolique somme toute beaucoup plus sexuelle, celle du partage itératif de la couche nuptiale.

C´est cette version édulcorée (mais ironiquement plus érotisée) du motif de la métamorphose que retiendra le traducteur anglais de l´œuvre, Edgar Taylor, pour le public enfantin victorien.

« And when he had eaten as much as he could, he said, "Now I am tired. Carry me upstairs and put me into your little bed."
And the princess took him up in her hand and put him upon the pillow of her own little bed, where he slept all night long. As soon as it was light he jumped up, hopped downstairs, and went out of the house.

"Now," thought the princess, "he is gone, and I shall be troubled with him no more."
But she was mistaken; for when night came again, she heard the same tapping at the door, and when she opened it, the frog came in and slept upon her pillow as before till the morning broke.

And the third night he did the same; but when the princess awoke on the following morning, she was astonished to see, instead of the frog, a handsome prince gazing on her with the most beautiful eyes that ever were seen, and standing at the head of her bed.

He told her that he had been enchanted by a malicious fairy, who had changed him into the form of a frog, in which he was fated to remain till some princess should take him out of the spring and let him sleep upon her bed for three nights. "You," said the prince, "have broken this cruel charm, and now I have nothing to wish for but that you should go with me into my father's kingdom, where I will marry you, and love you as long as you live."
German Popular Stories, translated [by Edgar Taylor] from the Kinder und Haus Märchen, collected by M. M. Grimm, from Oral Tradition (London: C. Baldwyn, 1823), pp. 205-210.

La place était ouverte pour une sentimentalisation de la métamorphose que l´on retrouve, par exemple chez les frères Colshorn.

“Darkness fell, and after the maiden had awakened from her unconsciousness, she heard the frog outside singing wonderfully sweet melodies. As midnight approached, he sang ever more sweetly, and came closer and closer to her. At midnight the bedroom door opened, and the frog jumped onto her bed. However, he had touched her with his sweet songs, and she took him into bed with her and warmly covered him up.
The next morning when she opened her eyes, behold, the ugly frog was now the handsomest prince in the world. He thanked her with all his heart, saying, "You have redeemed me and are now my wife!" And they lived long and happily together”.
Carl and Theodor Colshorn, Der verwunschene Frosch, Märchen und Sagen (Hannover: Verlag von Carl Rümpler, 1854), no. 42, pp. 139-141

Quand les princesses décapitaient leurs grenouilles 2



Même motif structurel dans « The Tale of the Queen Who Sought a Drink From a Certain Well », conte écossais recueilli de la bouche d´une informatrice locale par le folkloriste John Francis Campbell dans Popular Tales of the West Highlands (1860), et dont les traces les plus lointaines remonteraient à la Complaynt of Scotland de 1548.

"They had betaken themselves to rest in the night when the toad came to the door saying:--

"A CHAOMHAG, A CHAOMHAG,
AN CUIMHNEACH LEAT
AN GEALLADH BEAG
A THUG THU AIG
AN TOBAR DHOMH,
A GHAOIL, A GHAOIL."

"Gentle one, gentle one,
Rememberest thou
The little pledge
Thou gavest me
Beside the well,
My love, my love."

When he was ceaselessly saying this, the girl rose and took him in, and put him behind the door, and she went to bed; but she was not long laid down, when he began again saying, everlastingly:--

"A hàovaig, a hàovaig,
An cuineach leat
An geallug beag
A hoog oo aig
An tobar gaw,
A géule, a géule."

Then she got up and she put him under a noggin; that kept him quiet a while; but she was not long laid down when he began again, saying --

"A hàovaig, a hàovaig,
An cuineach leat
An geallug beag
A hoog oo aig
An tobar gaw,
A géule, a géule."

She rose again, and she made him a little bed at the fireside; but he was not pleased, and he began again saying, "A chaoimheag, a chaoimheag, an cuimhneach leat an gealladh beag a thug thu aig an tobar dhomb, a ghaoil, a ghaoil." Then she got up and made him a bed beside her own bed; but he was without ceasing, saying, "A chaoimheag, a chaoimheag, an cuimhneach leat an gealladh beag a thug a thug thu aig an tobar dhomb, a ghaoil, a ghaoil." But she took no notice of his complaining, till he said to her, "There is an old rusted glave behind thy bed, with which thou hadst better take off my head, than be holding me longer in torture."

She took the glave and cut the head off him. When the steel touched him, he grew a handsome youth; and he gave many thanks to the young wife, who had been the means of putting off him the spells, under which he had endured for a long time. Then he got his kingdom, for he was a king; and he married the princess, and they were long alive and merry together".
Popular Tales of the West Highlands: Orally Collected, vol. 2 (Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas, 1860), no. 33, pp. 130-32.


Enfin, même décapitation du batracien dans la version anglo-écossaisse The Well of the World's End, recueillie par Joseph Jacobs, l´éditeur du journal fondateur Folklore, dans ses célèbres English Fairy Tales (1890, n. 41)

And when the frog had finished, it said:

"Go with me to bed, my hinny, my heart,
Go with me to bed, my own darling;
Mind you the words you spake to me,
Down by the cold well, so weary."


But that the girl wouldn't do, till her stepmother said: "Do what you promised, girl; girls must keep their promises. Do what you're bid, or out you go, you and your froggie."

So the girl took the frog with her to bed, and kept it as far away from her as she could. Well, just as the day was beginning to break what should the frog say but:


"Chop off my head, my hinny, my heart,
Chop off my head, my own darling;
Remember the promise you made to me,
Down by the cold well so weary."


At first the girl wouldn't, for she thought of what the frog had done for her at the Well of the World's End. But when the frog said the words over again she went and took an axe and chopped off its head and lo! and behold, there stood before her a handsome young prince, who told her that he had been enchanted by a wicked magician, and he could never be unspelled till some girl would do his bidding for a whole night, and chop off his head at the end of it.”

Enfin d´autres versions soumettent le batracien à un traitement encore plus cruel, la princesse l´ébouillantant vivant tel que l´évoque Maria Leach dans Funk & Wagnalls standard dictionary of folklore, mythology, and legend. New York: Funk & Wagnalls (1972).

mardi 14 octobre 2008

Délicieux Supplices





VIENT DE PARAÎTRE


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A. Domínguez Leiva et S. Hubier


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les hommes castrés de Marie de France !!

les horreurs troubles des martyrologues!!!

les poèmes bizarres de Jean Auvray et les pièces d'Alexandre Hardy!!

les lettres de Sade à sa femme!!

Pétrus Borel !!

les douces fessées et les odieuses caresses de Mr. Hubier!!

les beautés d'échafaud romantiques!!

masochisme décadent!!

Hofmannstahl S-M!!

Moulin Rouge !!

La femme tanatophore !!

Le Jardin des Supplices !!

J'aime l'amour qui fait mal !!

Robes Grillades de Robbe Grillet !!

Bret Easton Ellis vs Houellebecq !!

Les cruels dessins de Eisenstein !!

Jean Fabre !!

Angelin Preljocaj !!

Gilles de Rais, Huysmans et Bataille !!

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le triomphe et la chute de la Sexploitation !!


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